IOT based smart power system for fault detection in transmission lines with automated distribution transformer load sharing

The reliability of electrical power systems largely depends on the efficient operation of transmission networks, where faults such as ground faults, short circuits, and overcurrent conditions frequently occur due to environmental factors, equipment failures, or unforeseen disturbances. Conventional impedance-based fault detection methods are often time-consuming and lack real-time accuracy. This paper proposes an IoT-based smart power system for real-time fault detection in transmission lines with automated distribution transformer load sharing. The system employs IOT-based controllers integrated with current and voltage sensors to continuously monitor line parameters and detect faults with high accuracy. Fault data is transmitted via ESP8266 Node MCU Wi-Fi modules to a cloud platform, enabling remote monitoring, rapid fault isolation, and predictive analysis. Additionally, a relay-based adaptive load-sharing mechanism dynamically redistributes loads among transformers to prevent overloading and improve operational efficiency. Experimental validation under simulated fault conditions demonstrates reduced fault detection and clearance time, enhanced reliability, and improved power distribution performance. The proposed solution offers a scalable, cost-effective framework for modern smart grid applications.