Pesticides in modern agriculture: Assessing health effects, risk perception and policy implications for safer food systems

Pesticides have long been necessary to modern agriculture and food systems, enabling the achievement of high crop yields and ensuring food security. However, their widespread use raises concerns about the health effects of pesticide residues in food, especially for vulnerable groups like children and pregnant women. This review examines the dual role of pesticides in boosting agricultural productivity and their potential health risks. It discusses the benefits of pesticide use, including increased crop yields and public health benefits, while critically analyzing evidence that links long-term exposure to pesticide residues with health issues such as cancer, reproductive problems, neurotoxicity, and genetic damage. A specific focus is given to the increased vulnerability of developing fetuses and children because of their physiological and developmental sensitivity. The article also examines consumer perceptions of risk, highlighting gaps in public understanding and the impact of misinformation on food choices. Finally, this article reviews international and national regulations, including the roles of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Codex Alimentarius, in regulations aimed at protecting public health. Despite progress, challenges remain in harmonizing regulations, enforcing compliance, and effectively communicating risks. The review suggests strategies to close knowledge gaps through targeted education, transparent labeling, and better monitoring systems. It promotes integrated approaches that combine strong regulatory oversight, public engagement, and industry innovations like Integrated Pest Management to reduce dependence on pesticides. These efforts are crucial for aligning consumer perceptions with scientific evidence, thereby ensuring safe, sustainable, and equitable access to food worldwide.