A Critical Review of the Regulatory and Policy Landscape Governing Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) Technologies in the United States: Challenges, Opportunities, and Future Directions

This critical review examines the regulatory and policy landscape governing Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) technologies in the United States, highlighting the challenges, opportunities, and future directions for effective implementation. CCUS technologies are pivotal in mitigating CO₂ emissions, particularly in hard-to-decarbonize sectors such as energy and industry. Despite the significant potential of CCUS, the current regulatory framework is fragmented, leading to inconsistencies in implementation across federal, state, and local jurisdictions. Key challenges include high costs, public opposition, and the underdeveloped infrastructure for CO₂ pipelines. This review synthesizes insights from various studies, emphasizing the need for robust regulatory frameworks that can facilitate the expansion of CCUS technologies. It also discusses the importance of improving capture efficiency, developing monitoring technologies, and enhancing public acceptance. The review concludes with recommendations for policymakers to create a cohesive regulatory environment that supports innovation and investment in CCUS technologies.