Impact of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) on sexual health: A comprehensive interdisciplinary review

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) remains a critical global health and human rights issue, with more than 200 million women and girls affected worldwide. Despite increased awareness and international efforts to eradicate the practice, FGM persists across various cultural and geographic contexts, particularly in parts of Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. This review examines the multifaceted impact of FGM on female sexual health, drawing from clinical, psychological, and sociocultural perspectives to provide a comprehensive analysis of its consequences. FGM encompasses a range of procedures involving partial or total removal of external female genitalia or injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons. The practice has profound and lasting implications on sexual function, including diminished libido, dyspareunia (pain during intercourse), anorgasmia, and reduced genital sensitivity. These outcomes stem from both anatomical alterations and psychological trauma, leading to a complex interplay of physical and emotional dysfunction. Further, FGM is associated with complications such as chronic infections, scarring, and obstetric trauma, which exacerbate sexual discomfort and reproductive challenges. Psychologically, women with FGM may experience anxiety, depression, body image disorders, and post-traumatic stress, all of which further impair sexual well-being. Cultural taboos and stigma surrounding sexuality often silence affected women, impeding access to medical and psychological support. This review highlights the urgent need for culturally sensitive healthcare services, trauma-informed counselling, and legal frameworks to support survivors. It also emphasizes the importance of comprehensive sex education and community-driven advocacy to combat FGM. Addressing the sexual health repercussions of FGM is essential to promoting bodily autonomy, gender equity, and holistic well-being.