Climate change and its effects on bird diversity in tropical ecosystems: A focus on the amazon basin and central America

Climate change is emerging as a significant driver of biodiversity loss, particularly in tropical ecosystems. The Amazon Basin and Central America, both rich in avian diversity, face profound ecological shifts due to rising temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and increasing extreme weather events. This review explores the impacts of climate change on bird diversity in these regions, emphasizing the vulnerability of species with narrow ecological niches and those dependent on stable forest ecosystems. Through an examination of observed and projected climate trends, physiological and ecological responses of birds, and conservation strategies, this paper highlights critical knowledge gaps and the urgent need for adaptive management. It underscores the importance of integrated, region-specific conservation strategies and the role of local communities in mitigating climate impacts. The paper calls for a holistic approach to conservation that incorporates climate resilience, habitat restoration, and long-term monitoring to protect the avian diversity essential to these tropical ecosystems.