Housing instability and mental health among low-income minorities: Insights from Illinois BRFSS data

Housing instability, characterized by homelessness, overcrowding, frequent moves, and financial strain, poses significant challenges to mental health, especially among low-income minority populations. This review investigates the relationship between housing instability and mental health outcomes in Illinois, focusing on systemic inequities affecting marginalized communities. Using 2020–2022 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data, a cross-sectional analysis was conducted to evaluate the prevalence and impact of housing instability on mental health, with additional qualitative insights from focus group discussions. The findings reveal that 30% of respondents reported housing instability, and 53.7% experienced poor mental health (≥14 days/month). Logistic regression analysis indicated that individuals facing housing instability were 1.61 times more likely to report poor mental health. Protective factors included higher income levels (OR = 0.52, P = 0.048) and access to healthcare (OR = 0.44, P = 0.011). Minority groups, particularly Black and Hispanic populations, exhibited disproportionately worse outcomes, highlighting systemic barriers and health inequities. This review emphasizes the need for targeted public health interventions, including affordable housing initiatives, expanded access to mental health services, and culturally tailored community programs. By addressing housing instability and its associated disparities, policymakers can improve mental health outcomes and promote equity for vulnerable populations.