Pneumothorax in a preterm neonate after cesarean-section deliver in a regional hospital setting: A Case report

Neonatal pneumothorax is a rare but critical condition, particularly in preterm infants, with significant morbidity and mortality risks. This case report describes a female neonate delivered at 32⁺⁴ weeks of gestation, weighing 1,120 grams, who presented with severe respiratory distress shortly after birth. Chest radiography revealed a right-sided pneumothorax, and the patient was managed with CPAP, intravenous antibiotics, and supportive care. Despite initial stabilization, the patient's condition worsened, prompting referral to a higher-grade hospital.

This report underscores the importance of early recognition and intervention for neonatal pneumothorax. Clinical signs such as tachypnea, chest retractions, and cyanosis require immediate investigation and treatment. Diagnosis is typically confirmed via chest X-ray, and treatment ranges from non-invasive methods like CPAP to invasive interventions such as needle aspiration or chest tube placement. In this case, non-invasive management with CPAP was initially effective but required escalation due to the patient's clinical deterioration.

The findings highlight the need for healthcare providers to remain vigilant for pneumothorax in at-risk neonates, particularly those requiring respiratory support. Timely intervention tailored to the patient's stability can significantly improve outcomes and reduce the need for invasive procedures. This case emphasizes the importance of prompt diagnosis, appropriate management strategies, and continuous monitoring in managing neonatal pneumothorax.