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eISSN: 2581-9615 || CODEN: WJARAI || Impact Factor 8.2 ||  CrossRef DOI

Research and review articles are invited for publication in April 2026 (Volume 30, Issue 1) Submit manuscript

Acute coronary syndrome: Definition, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management

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  • Acute coronary syndrome: Definition, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management

Erick Alexander Cabrera Estrada, Epitafio Rafael Mestre Sequeda *, Jairo Enrique Barcinilla Barros, John Alexander Caballero Ríos, Iris Michell Racedo Segura and Gabriela Lucia Lara Barreto

Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Libre, Barranquilla.
 
Review Article
World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2024, 21(01), 2537-2548
Article DOI: 10.30574/wjarr.2024.21.1.0352
DOI url: https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.21.1.0352
 
Received on 18 December 2023; revised on 25 January 2024; accepted on 27 January 2024
 
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) represents the most severe form of presentation of ischemic heart disease and imposes a significant burden on morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Within the clinical spectrum of coronary syndrome are ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and unstable angina. Although primarily caused by atherosclerotic plaque thrombosis or non-atherosclerotic causes, its pathophysiological mechanisms are not fully understood. Currently, the main mechanisms include plaque rupture, plaque erosion, calcified nodules, and non-atherosclerotic causes such as coronary vasospasm.
For ACS diagnosis, the electrocardiogram (ECG) is recommended primarily, along with high-sensitivity cardiac troponins (hs-cTn), following recommended algorithms to determine the testing interval. Non-invasive diagnostic tools such as echocardiography, computed tomography (CT), and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) are also available. These are mainly indicated in patients with inconclusive ECG and hs-cTn results and for establishing differential diagnoses.
The management of ACS should be multidisciplinary, encompassing pharmacological, invasive techniques, and non-pharmacological approaches. It should be individualized considering each patient's characteristics.
 
Acute coronary syndrome; Myocardial Infarction; Plaque rupture; Troponins
 
https://wjarr.com/sites/default/files/fulltext_pdf/WJARR-2024-0352.pdf

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Erick Alexander Cabrera Estrada, Epitafio Rafael Mestre Sequeda, Jairo Enrique Barcinilla Barros, John Alexander Caballero Ríos, Iris Michell Racedo Segura and Gabriela Lucia Lara Barreto. Acute coronary syndrome: Definition, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2024, 21(1), 2537-2548. Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.21.1.0352

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