Increase of alveolar bone damage in patients with chronic periodontitis due to obesity

Background: Obese patients have a body weight that exceeds normal, then there are disorders of the liver, consumption of a high- fat diet, and there are inflammatory factors that can trigger alveolar bone damage and cause periodontitis.

Objective: To explain the mechanism by which obesity can cause alveolar bone damage in patients with chronic periodontitis.

Research Methods: literature sources used in the preparation of articles through several databases (Pubmed, Embase, Scopus, Scient Direct, and CINAHL) with descriptions related to alveolar bone damage in patients with chronic periodontitis due to obesity.

Results: Inflammatory cytokines in obese patients are associated with high C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and will induce prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) which can trigger osteoclast activity. PGE2 will induce osteoblasts to produce receptor activator of nuclear factor k β -ligand (RANKL). RANKL and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa (RANK) will activate osteoclastogenesis. The regulation of RANKL with RANK by osteoprotegerin (OPG) will affect the activation and differentiation of osteoclasts and the damage of the periodontal ligament that cause alveolar bone destruction.

Conclusion: Alveolar bone damage in patients with chronic periodontitis due to obesity that occurs due to disorders of the liver and a high-fat diet that affects bone metabolism and causes a local inflammatory response. This obesity condition can eventually exacerbate the occurrence of alveolar bone damage by increasing CRP  levels which stimulate MMP production. This review is corresponding to the Sustainable Development Goal No. 3, ensuring healthy life and improve the welfare of all populations of all ages.