1 Pediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, Hamad general hospital, Qatar.
2 Pediatric Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt.
3 Department of Pediatrics, Professor Emeritus, Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University of Virginia, Virginia,USA.
Review Article
World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2023, 18(03), 413-424
Article DOI: 10.30574/wjarr.2023.18.3.1104
Received on 01 May 2023; revised on 08 June 2023; accepted on 12 June 2023
Malnutrition remains an international concern because it represents a major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality. In infants and children malnutrition significant metabolic, hormonal, and immune changes occur with short- and long-term effects and outcomes. Thus, studies which contribute to the prevention, amelioration, or rehabilitation of the detrimental effect of malnutrition are necessary. Investigations on endocrine, metabolic, and immune changes related to severe malnutrition started a long time ago. However, recently there has been little work on these important changes, their mechanism/s of action and interactions, and their effect on different systems. The neuroendocrine system is the initial response to stress, so it is reasonable to assume that this system also plays a key role in the pathophysiological changes during nutritional deprivation. However, many of the newly identified functions/changes are better explained by the action of conventional neurotransmitters (e.g., glutamate and GABA) that constitute a neuronal circuit. In addition, the mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) is an evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine kinase has emerged as a sensor for nutrients that has a central joint in cellular metabolism, cell growth, and differentiation. Its functions during malnutrition in the central nervous system, endocrine system, and different end organs and tissues (liver, pancreas, muscle, and adipose tissue) need elucidation. This article presents a brief review of neuroendocrine changes during malnutrition and their effects on the modulation of metabolism, growth, and immune functions. The pros and cons of these endocrine changes are discussed as well as their reversibility on nutritional rehabilitation.
Neuroendocrine; Hormones; Immune system; Growth; Infection; Inflammation; Enteropathy
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Ashraf Soliman, Nada Alaaraj, Doaa K Yassin and Alan D. Rogol. The interaction between neuroendocrine and immune systems in infants and children during under nutrition. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2023, 18(3), 413-424. Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2023.18.3.1104