Acquired Brain Injury: Prevalence, societal perceptions, demographic intersections, and the case for systemic reform in criminal justice and therapeutic practice

Acquired brain injury is one of the most prevalent yet persistently under-recognised causes of cognitive and behavioural disability worldwide. This review synthesises current literature on ABI, with particular emphasis on distinguishing it from traumatic brain injury, epidemiological patterns, and the impact of societal and media representations on public understanding. The review examines demographic intersections that increase risk, especially among younger males and individuals experiencing domestic violence, poverty, and homelessness. It also analyses the overrepresentation of ABI within criminal justice systems, the financial and social consequences of inadequate identification and support, and the current landscape of psychological and rehabilitative interventions. Significant deficiencies are identified in screening practices, access to therapy, and practitioner training. The review concludes by recommending structural reforms across the healthcare, justice, and social policy sectors and outlining research priorities to address these critical gaps.