Does coffee really have health benefits?

Coffee is one of the most widely consumed beverages in the world; it is a rich source of antioxidants and caffeine. The benefits of caffeine are widely documented; it is primarily and strongly associated with a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes, as well as protection against cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and liver diseases, and certain types of cancer. Despite its benefits, controversies persist regarding its potential to cause anxiety, insomnia, irritability, heart palpitations, and tachycardia. Compounds such as cafestol (found in unfiltered coffee) can raise LDL cholesterol. Controversy arises regarding excessive consumption or individual sensitivity, as there are concerns about its addictive potential, which often leads to withdrawal symptoms such as headaches and lethargy. This review provides an overview of both the beneficial and harmful effects of coffee on health across all stages of life.