Fish farmers of Malagasy highland adopt differential resilience strategies against multiple risks

This study analyses the resilience strategies adopted by fish farmers in the Malagasy Highlands in the face of numerous socio-economic, technical and climatic risks. The aim is to identify the main risks faced and to evaluate adaptation strategies according to farmers’ profiles. The study was conducted in the Vakinankaratra region among 180 fish farmers spread across six sites. It employs a mixed-methods approach combining household surveys and focus groups, as well as statistical tools such as Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA), Discriminant Factor Analysis (DFA), dominance/influence analysis, benchmarking, prospective modelling and strategy analysis within the framework of sustainable livelihoods. The results reveal three profiles of fish farmers: emerging (n=95), intermediates (n=55) and advanced (n=30), with very high discriminant power (λ=0.006; p<0.0001). The main risks identified as dominant and influential are lack of funding (Y=18.49), low educational attainment (Y=10.76) and lack of water management skills (Y=10.54). Emerging fish farmers are the most vulnerable, whilst advanced demonstrate greater technical proficiency. Prospective analyses indicate a worsening of certain risks, notably insufficient land area and water constraints. Adaptation strategies vary according to profiles, ranging from passive responses (mutual aid, self-consumption) to proactive strategies (technical innovation, market access, and mechanisation). The resilience of fish farming systems relies on a combination of endogenous strategies and strengthened institutional support. The sustainable development of the sector requires better integration of technical, financial and organisational support.