Evaluating the environmental impact of electronics production and the advancement in sustainable manufacturing processes

The electronics industry, despite its technological advancements, faces significant environmental challenges across its lifecycle, from raw material extraction to e-waste disposal, including wastewater pollution, energy consumption, toxic material usage, and greenhouse gas emissions. This critical review highlights the industry's environmental impact, which rivals that of aviation, and explores sustainable manufacturing advancements such as biodegradable materials, green electronics, and energy-efficient technologies. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) tools are emphasized as essential for evaluating and reducing environmental footprints. The review calls for collaborative efforts among industry leaders, policymakers, and academia to invest in sustainable practices, enforce stricter e-waste regulations, and adopt LCA tools to transition the electronics industry towards more environmentally responsible operations while maintaining its economic and technological significance.