Nanotechnology-based approaches for scar minimization in plastic surgery: Systematic overview and future perspectives

Scarring is a significant problem in plastic surgery, which affects both aesthetic and functional results and leads to psychological discomfort. Classical methods of scar treatment (surgery, laser treatment, silicone sheeting) usually have very variable outcomes with high recurrence rates. They are not good options to treat pathological scarring (hypertrophic and keloid scars). Nanotechnology has provided far-fetched solutions to problems using unique characteristics of the nanomaterial, like improved drug delivery, biocompatibility, and tissue regenerative properties. This systematic review provides an overview of nanotechnology applications for scar minimization, with particular emphasis on approaches such as nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery, nanomicroneedles, nanoscaffolds, and biomimetic nanomaterials. Based on a review of literature from 2015 to 2025, these studies demonstrate potential usefulness in regulating wound healing phases, reducing inflammation, and promoting scarless tissue regeneration. Clinical applications of the review include the use of deliverable anti-fibrotic agents and combination with stem cell therapy to give superior outcomes compared to standard management, as revealed by higher mean Vancouver Scar Scale scores and low rates of recurrence. Irrespective of the advantages, challenges like regulations, cost of production, and safety issues in the long run do exist. This article aims to close the loop in nanotechnology development before its application in clinical practice, forecasting the future, and assessing the potential of 3D-printed nanodressings using AI for personalized scar treatment. Differently, nanotechnology has the potential to change and have a significant positive effect on patient cases in plastic surgery through the environment-friendly alliance between nanoscientists and plastic surgeons.