Use, composition, and regulatory compliance of glutathione-based cosmetic products in Yaoundé, Cameroon: A cross-sectional study

Background: Voluntary skin depigmentation is a widespread practice in sub-Saharan Africa and constitutes a major public health concern due to its prevalence and associated complications. Glutathione has emerged as an alternative to conventional depigmenting agents; however, limited data are available regarding its commercialization and regulatory compliance in Central Africa.

Objective: To describe the use, composition, and compliance with Cameroonian standards of glutathione-based cosmetic products in Yaoundé.

Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted between March and April 2020 in three major markets in Yaoundé. Vendors selling glutathione-based cosmetic products were interviewed, and products were inventoried and photographed to assess pharmaceutical form, origin, composition, and labeling compliance according to national standards (NC 804 and NC 814).

Results: Forty vendors were included. All were aware of the depigmenting properties of glutathione. Artisanal manufacturing was frequent (65%), with systematic use of glutathione powder. Among 54 identified products, the predominant forms were body milks (31%) and serums (28%), mostly imported from Asia or of unknown origin. Only 9% contained glutathione alone; most combined glutathione with other active ingredients (vitamins C and E, kojic acid). None complied with all mandatory labeling requirements, and specific warnings were rarely mentioned.

Conclusion: Glutathione-based products are widely used in Yaoundé, often in artisanal formulations, with insufficient regulatory compliance. These findings provide a valuable baseline for strengthening regulation and surveillance of skin-lightening cosmetics.