Ufasomes: A comprehensive review of design, characterization and applications

Ufasomes are vesicular systems composed of unsaturated fatty acids that self-assemble into bilayer structures in aqueous environments. These vesicles offer a promising approach to drug delivery, particularly for enhancing skin penetration and bioavailability. Ufasomes are advantageous due to their cost-effectiveness, biocompatibility, and ability to encapsulate both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs. Their superior drug retention and controlled release properties make them ideal carriers for antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and osteoarthritic treatments. However, their susceptibility to oxidation and colloidal instability poses challenges for long-term storage and formulation stability. Various preparation techniques, such as thin-film hydration, ensure optimized vesicle formation and drug entrapment. Characterization methods, including particle size analysis, zeta potential measurement, and in vitro release studies, help assess their efficacy and stability. Additionally, in vivo and ex vivo studies demonstrate their potential for enhanced therapeutic outcomes, particularly in transdermal and targeted drug delivery applications. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the formulation, advantages, limitations, and pharmaceutical applications of ufasomes, highlighting their emerging role in modern drug delivery systems.