Tooth Agenesis in Children: Understanding Anodontia, Oligodontia and Hypodontia

Tooth number abnormalities such as anodontia, oligodontia, and hypodontia represent hereditary developmental disorders that significantly affect oral function, esthetics, and quality of life in children. This literature review aims to explore the etiology, clinical features, and management of these conditions by analyzing current and past scientific evidence. Genetic and environmental factors are identified as major contributors to these anomalies, with specific gene expression changes in odontogenesis playing a critical role. Clinically, patients may present with functional difficulties, occlusal disturbances, and psychosocial impacts requiring multidisciplinary management. The review emphasizes the importance of thorough history taking to distinguish congenital agenesis from tooth loss due to extraction. Early parental awareness and timely consultation with pediatric dentists are essential for optimal care. This study provides a comprehensive overview of developmental dental disorders, highlighting the need for updated research, preventive strategies, and integrated clinical approaches to improve treatment outcomes in affected pediatric populations.