Quarry soil and quarry stream water baseline level parameters around Chestedi Quarry, F.A.U.C. Golden Ltd Quarry, Fakunle Quarry and River Oyanmi in Igarra, Akoko Edo
1 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Delaware, USA.
2 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clemson University, South Carolina, USA.
3 Department of Biological Science, Wellspring University, Edo State, Nigeria.
4 Department of Safety, Federal Road Safety Commission Academy, Enugu Nigeria.
5 Department of Chemistry, Western Delta University, Delta State, Nigeria.
Research Article
World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2024, 21(03), 2360–2384
Publication history:
Received on 19 February 2024; revised on 28 March 2024; accepted on 30 March 2024
Abstract:
The primary objective of this research was to investigate the initial levels of chemical parameters surrounding quarry operations in Igarra, Akoko-Edo, Edo State. Specifically, three prominent quarries (Chestedi, F.A.U.C. Golden Ltd, and Fakunle) were examined, along with the water of River Onyami flowing through these quarries from the Ojirami dam. Each quarry site yielded four soil samples collected at a various depth (between 0 – 15 cm) and different geographical coordinates, while four water samples were obtained from River Onyami. These samples underwent analysis for their physicochemical properties and the chemical speciation of Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr, and Mn. As Tessier et al. (1978) described, a sequential extraction method was employed to partition the heavy metals into five different fractions. Total concentrations of heavy metals in both soil and water samples were determined. The distribution of heavy metals in the soil exhibited the following order of accumulation: Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu > Pb > Cr, whereas in water samples, the order was Fe > Zn > Cu > Mn > Pb > Cr. Iron and zinc emerged as the predominant heavy metals in the soil, with iron within permissible limits but zinc, copper, manganese, lead, and chromium exceeding their respective limits. In the stream water, iron and lead surpassed their permissible limits, while Zn, Cu, Cr, and Mn remained below theirs. Comparative analysis against WHO, NIS DPR, and CCME maximum contamination/permissible limits was conducted for heavy metal concentrations and physicochemical properties in both soil and water samples. Mobility Factors (MF), Environmental Risk Factors (ERF), Contamination Factors (CF), Pollution Load Index (PLI), and Geoaccumulation Index (GI) were computed. Results from this study indicate that the soil is conducive to supporting growth and is nutrient-rich for various applications, while the water is suitable for irrigation and other domestic purposes.
Keywords:
Quarry Soil; Quarry Stream Water; Environment, Mobility; Environmental Risk Factors; Contamination Factors; Contamination Factors; Pollution Load Index; Geoaccumulation Index
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