Home
World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews
International Journal with High Impact Factor for fast publication of Research and Review articles

Main navigation

  • Home
    • Journal Information
    • Editorial Board Members
    • Reviewer Panel
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Journal Policies
    • Our CrossMark Policy
    • Publication Ethics
    • Issue in Progress
    • Current Issue
    • Past Issues
    • Instructions for Authors
    • Article processing fee
    • Track Manuscript Status
    • Get Publication Certificate
    • Join Editorial Board
    • Join Reviewer Panel
  • Contact us
  • Downloads

eISSN: 2581-9615 || CODEN: WJARAI || Impact Factor 8.2 ||  CrossRef DOI

Research and review articles are invited for publication in March 2026 (Volume 29, Issue 3) Submit manuscript

Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) of major drinking water sources at household level incorporating boiling treatment effect

Breadcrumb

  • Home
  • Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) of major drinking water sources at household level incorporating boiling treatment effect

Damiana Ada Amatobi 1, * and Gloria Ogechi Umezuruike 2

1 Department of Civil Engineering Technology, Akanu Ibiam Federal Polytechnic, Unwana, Nigeria.
2 Department of Science Laboratory Technology Akanu Ibiam Federal Polytechnic Unwana, Nigeria.
 
Research Article
World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2023, 19(01), 638-649
Article DOI: 10.30574/wjarr.2023.19.1.1344
DOI url: https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2023.19.1.1344
 
Received on 30May 2023; revised on 10 July 2023; accepted on 13 July 2023
 
This study conducted a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA), incorporating the effect of boiling of water, on major sources of drinking water for households in Afikpo North LGA, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from12 drinking water boreholes (n =36), a popular spring water (n= 36) and four popular brands of sachet water (n= 36).The samples were analysed in the laboratory for colonies of microorganisms, coliform organisms, E. coli, Salmonella spp and Giardia lamblia. Data were analysed for specific parameters of the study population (n =1150). The parameters include daily water consumption per person per day (L/person/day), the fraction of thepopulatonexposed to the contaminated drinking water source under consideration, the percentage ofthe population vulnerableto pathogenic infection among the exposed population,the pathogen strike rate in each water source, and the probability that water is boiled before drinking. Quantitative microbial risk assessment was performed for concentrations of E. coli (CFU/L), Salmonella spp (CFU/L), and Giardia lamblia (Cyst/L) in the water samples. From the findings, the risk of diarrhea is significantly highin all the drinking water sources examined. The risk of diarrhea ranged between0.090 and 0.190 for borehole water source, 0.004 and 0.032 for spring water source, 0.039 and 0.125 for sachet water sources. The implication is an urgent need to regualte the operation of water boreholes, protect spring water source, and enforce standards on the processes of production, distribution and storage of sachet water in Afikpo North LGA.
 
QMRA; Drinking water; Boiling; Risk; Diarrhea
 
https://wjarr.com/sites/default/files/fulltext_pdf/WJARR-2023-1344.pdf

Preview Article PDF

Damiana Ada Amatobi and Gloria Ogechi Umezuruike. Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) of major drinking water sources at household level incorporating boiling treatment effect. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2023, 19(1), 638-649. Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2023.19.1.1344

Copyright © Author(s). All rights reserved. This article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution, and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as appropriate credit is given to the original author(s) and source, a link to the license is provided, and any changes made are indicated.

All statements, opinions, and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s). The journal, editors, reviewers, and publisher disclaim any responsibility or liability for the content, including accuracy, completeness, or any consequences arising from its use.

Get Certificates

Get Publication Certificate

Download LoA

Check Corssref DOI details

Issue details

Issue Cover Page

Editorial Board

Table of content

Copyright © 2026 World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews - All rights reserved

Developed & Designed by VS Infosolution