Oral Manifestations in Pregnant Women with Hyperemesis Gravidarum Associated with Hormonal Changes: A Narrative Review

Oral health during pregnancy is an important aspect that is often overlooked in prenatal care. This study focuses on the relationship between oral health and the occurrence of hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) during pregnancy. Hyperemesis gravidarum itself is a health problem characterized by severe nausea and vomiting that occurs during pregnancy. Several previous studies have shown that hormonal changes are one of the factors that can increase the severity of hyperemesis gravidarum (HG). Hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) can cause serious problems, such as central pontine myelinolysis, Wernicke's encephalopathy, cerebral artery vasospasm, rhabdomyolysis, coagulopathy, and maternal and fetal death. During pregnancy, expectant mothers experience significant physical, mental, and emotional changes, which can affect their dental and oral health. Pregnant women often avoid brushing their teeth because it can trigger nausea. This causes bacteria in the teeth and oral cavity to accumulate, leading to tooth decay, bad breath (halitosis), and lumps on the gums (pyogenic granuloma). In addition, the fluid secreted during nausea experienced by pregnant women has a high level of stomach acid. Therefore, HG fluid can cause erosion of the tooth enamel layer. Good dental and oral health care is very important for pregnant women and their fetuses. The methods used in this literature review are based on journals in PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. These journals were searched using the PICOT method to select relevant journals. This literature study aims to evaluate the relationship between hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) and oral conditions in pregnant women, as well as to collect evidence and review literature on the effects of Hyperemesis Gravidarum on the oral conditions of pregnant women.