Oral Biofilms: A literature review on composition, development and clinical implications in dental health

Objectives: This article aims to discuss the composition of oral biofilms, their developmental stages, and the implications of biofilms for dental health, particularly in relation to caries and periodontal disease.

Methods: The research method used was a literature review using PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect databases with keywords "oral biofilm," "composition," "dental caries," and "periodontal disease'.' The selected articles were published from 2015 to 2024.

Results: Oral biofilms are composed of complex microbial communities, including Streptococcus mutans, Actinomyces, Lactobacillus, and anaerobic bacteria. There are four stages of biofilm formation: pellicle formation, initial colonization, co-aggregation, and maturation. Biofilms play a significant role in the pathogenesis of caries through acid production and enamel demineralization, as well as in periodontitis through the inflammation of periodontal tissues.

Conclusion: Understanding the composition and dynamics of oral biofilms is essential for the prevention of dental disease. Intervention strategies include oral hygiene, fluoride use, probiotics, and the latest antibiofilm technologies.