Optimization of drying conditions to maximize essential oil yield of Crithmum maritimum L: Comparative analysis of methods and temperatures

The extraction of essential oils from Crithmum maritimum L. offers significant potential for pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries due to its valuable bioactive properties. This study evaluates the effects of four drying methods—room temperature, sun drying, oven drying, and food dehydrator—across varying temperatures (20°C, 40°C, 45°C, and 50°C) on essential oil yield. Using hydrodistillation with a Clevenger apparatus, essential oil yields were statistically analyzed through two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s post-hoc tests. The food dehydrator at 45°C achieved the highest yield (1.335 ± 0.05%), significantly outperforming other methods. Excessive heat (50°C) and sun drying notably reduced yield. Controlled drying at optimal temperatures preserves volatile compounds, highlighting its industrial relevance.