Metabolic syndrome in adults: Clinical-epidemiological characteristics and current diagnostic and therapeutic alternatives

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a multifactorial clinical entity characterized by a cluster of conditions—including central obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension—that significantly increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Its prevalence is rising globally, with substantial implications for healthcare systems.

Objective: This review aims to describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of metabolic syndrome in the adult population and to analyze the currently available diagnostic criteria and therapeutic strategies.

Methods: A narrative review of the recent scientific literature was conducted, including studies published from 2015 to 2025 in databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Diagnostic criteria from major health organizations (ATP III, IDF, WHO) were reviewed, as well as therapeutic approaches including lifestyle interventions, pharmacological treatments, and emerging therapies.

Results: Metabolic syndrome affects approximately 20–30% of the adult population worldwide, with variations by age, sex, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. The most widely used diagnostic criteria include central obesity measured by waist circumference, triglyceride and HDL cholesterol levels, blood pressure, and fasting glucose. Treatment focuses primarily on weight reduction through diet and physical activity, control of individual components with medications, and management of underlying insulin resistance. New therapies targeting the gut microbiome and novel antidiabetic agents (e.g., GLP-1 receptor agonists, SGLT2 inhibitors) show promise.

Conclusion: Metabolic syndrome remains a major public health challenge. Early identification and a multidisciplinary approach to treatment are essential to reduce the risk of long-term complications. Future research should focus on personalized therapeutic strategies and prevention programs adapted to different populations.