Integrating technological, cognitive and semantic dimensions in exit sign systems: A systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis

Exit signs are fundamental components of modern safety systems, guiding occupants to safety during emergencies. This study conducts a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) integrated with bibliometric analysis to examine the evolution of sign system research, emphasizing technological innovation, cognitive interpretation, and semantic design. Using data retrieved from the Scopus database and following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, 110 publications were initially identified, with 13 selected for detailed synthesis. The findings reveal that the research focus has shifted from traditional, static signage to adaptive, intelligent, and user-centered systems supported by IoT, AI, and real-time data algorithms. Bibliometric results highlight increasing interdisciplinary collaboration between engineering, psychology, and design fields. The review also underscores the significance of cognitive and behavioral factors, showing how stress, perception, and cognitive load influence evacuation efficiency. Meanwhile, semantic interpretation remains underexplored, suggesting the need for culturally universal sign systems. Future research should integrate smart technologies, cognitive adaptability, and cross-cultural semantics to create responsive, human-centered safety communication systems that can dynamically adapt to real-world emergencies.