Exploring the decimalization of sex work as an economic social enterprise in Zambia

This study investigates the challenges faced by women engaged in sex work in Lusaka, Zambia, and explores the potential of social enterprises as vehicles for their economic empowerment. Drawing on both Social Capital Theory and Institutional Theory, the research employs a mixed-methods approach involving 35 in-depth interviews and regression analysis to examine the complex interplay between criminalization, socioeconomic vulnerability, and economic opportunity. Findings reveal that women in sex work face multifaceted challenges including poverty, violence, health risks, and social stigma, with 25 participants reporting experiences of violence and 15 lacking access to healthcare services. While sex work provides immediate income (1,800-2,600 Zambian Kwacha monthly), it fails to ensure long-term financial stability. The study's conceptual framework identifies legal social enterprises as an independent variable influencing three dependent variables: challenges faced by women in sex work, economic opportunities available to them, and sustainability of alternative employment. Despite limited awareness of social enterprises among participants, most perceived them as potentially beneficial pathways out of sex work. The research concludes that decriminalization of sex work (currently prohibited under Sections 146-149 of the Penal Code) coupled with well-governed social enterprises could significantly address the economic and social vulnerabilities of women in sex work. Policy recommendations include legal reform, strengthened corporate governance structures for social enterprises, comprehensive support services, and enhanced awareness and accessibility of economic alternatives.