Enhancing perovskite solar cells with 2D materials for improved stability and efficiency

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as a revolutionary photovoltaic technology due to their high power conversion efficiency (PCE) and cost-effective fabrication. However, their widespread commercialization is hindered by stability issues stemming from environmental degradation, ion migration, and interface defects. In this work, we explore the integration of two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as graphene, MoS₂, and MXenes, to enhance PSC performance. These materials offer superior charge transport properties, defect passivation, and moisture resistance, significantly improving both efficiency and operational stability. By optimizing the incorporation of 2D materials at various interfaces, we demonstrate a notable enhancement in PCE and long-term stability under ambient conditions. Structural, optical, and electrical characterizations confirm reduced recombination losses and improved charge extraction. This study provides a pathway for next-generation stable PSCs, bridging the gap between laboratory research and commercial viability.