Enhancing climate resilience and sustainability through agroecology: A review of key principles and recent advances (2020–2025)

Agroecology has emerged as a comprehensive and integrative framework that combines ecological science, traditional knowledge systems, and participatory methodologies to reconfigure food systems in response to the interlinked crises of climate change, biodiversity loss, and socio-economic inequality. This review synthesizes recent scientific developments (2020–2025), examining the core principles of agroecology, its contributions to biodiversity conservation and climate resilience, and its transformative potential in fostering circular sustainability and farmer participation. Drawing on a wide range of global and Mediterranean case studies, including olive-based systems in Turkey, the paper highlights how agroecological practices can reduce dependency on external inputs, promote ecological regeneration, and enhance socio-ecological resilience. The review concludes with a critical discussion on policy integration, knowledge co-production, and enabling conditions for scaling agroecology across both smallholder and commercial farming systems.