The development of RBL-STEM learning materials to improve students' environmental literacy in solving urban farming problems using locating metric coloring and STGNN

The development of environmental issues in the modern era emphasizes the importance of improving students' environmental literacy. One of the models and approaches that can be applied is Research Based Learning (RBL) integrated with Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM). The purpose of this study is to identify RBL-STEM activities, explain the steps and results of creating RBL-STEM learning materials, and examine data on the results of creating learning resources to increase students' environmental literacy level. Research and development (RandD) was the methodology used. The products of this research are the results of the development of learning tools in the form of students’ assignment designs, students’ worksheets, and learning outcome tests. The learning tool development process yielded data that met a validity requirement of 93.8%. The trial involved 35 students’, and the use of the RBL-STEM learning resources was found to be effective with a 95.22% effectiveness criterion and practical with a 95.82% practicality criterion. In addition, students’ responded positively to the learning experience and were highly engaged. Students' environmental literacy levels increased as they solved locating metric coloring problems, based on the pretest and posttest study. This study also identified three levels of environmental literacy proficiency: high, medium, and low. The research findings were validated using statistical analysis, image analysis, N-Vivo, and word cloud, all of which demonstrated an improvement in students' environmental literacy. Thus, RBL-STEM has the potential to enhance students' environmental literacy in real-world contexts, such as its application in urban farming.