A critical review of sustainable management practices for addressing environmental and human health risks of estrogenic compounds

Estrogenic compounds, including natural and synthetic endocrine-disrupting chemicals, pose significant risks to environmental ecosystems and human health. These compounds, originating from pharmaceuticals, agricultural runoff, and industrial waste, have been linked to ecological disruptions such as fish feminization and biodiversity loss, as well as human health issues including reproductive disorders and cancers. This paper provides a critical review of sustainable management practices aimed at mitigating the environmental and human health risks associated with estrogenic compounds. The review evaluates a range of strategies, including source reduction, advanced treatment technologies (e.g., advanced oxidation processes, biochar, and constructed wetlands), and policy frameworks. It highlights the effectiveness, scalability, and limitations of these practices, while identifying gaps in current research and implementation. Key findings suggest that integrated approaches combining technological innovation, regulatory enforcement, and stakeholder engagement are essential for sustainable management. The review concludes that while significant progress has been made, further research is needed to optimize cost-effective and scalable solutions. This paper underscores the urgency of addressing estrogenic compound contamination through sustainable practices to safeguard both environmental and public health.