Comparing Cognitive and Psychomotor Retention of HVAC students trained by Simulators and hands-on Methods in Palompon Institute of Technology

This study investigated the effects of simulator-based versus hands-on training on cognitive and psychomotor retention among HVAC students at Palompon Institute of Technology. A quasi-experimental comparative design was employed with two groups of twenty students each. The simulator group used a Fault Simulator for Refrigeration System Diagnostics, while the hands-on group trained with actual equipment. Assessments included a validated knowledge test and a performance-based rubric administered at pretest, immediately post-training, and after a three-week retention interval. Results showed that the simulator-trained group achieved significantly higher posttest and retention scores in both cognitive and psychomotor domains compared to the hands-on group. ANCOVA results confirmed the significant effect of training method on psychomotor retention (F (1, 37) = 5.47, p = 0.022). Findings indicate that simulation-based environments provide controlled, repeatable, and low-risk settings that enhance mastery and long-term retention. The study recommends integrating simulation with hands-on practice to optimize skill development in technical-vocational education.