Clinical features, laboratory findings and histopathology of thyroid cancer: A literature review

Thyroid cancer is the most common malignancy of the endocrine system and represents a growing global health concern, particularly within the framework of non-communicable diseases. This literature review aims to synthesize current evidence regarding the clinical characteristics, thyroid hormone profiles, and histopathological classifications of thyroid cancer. A comprehensive review of relevant studies was conducted using peer-reviewed international and regional literature focusing on clinical manifestations, thyroid function tests including thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (fT4) and histopathological subtypes of thyroid malignancies. The reviewed literature consistently demonstrates that thyroid cancer predominantly affects women and commonly presents in middle-aged to older adults, with neck mass being the most frequent clinical manifestation. Most patients exhibit euthyroid status, although higher or upper-normal TSH levels are frequently associated with an increased risk of malignancy, while fT4 levels are generally within normal limits. Histopathologically, papillary thyroid carcinoma is the most prevalent subtype, followed by follicular, medullary, and anaplastic carcinomas. Early-stage disease is commonly identified in settings with improved diagnostic access. In conclusion, clinical features, thyroid hormone profiles, and histopathological findings play complementary roles in the diagnosis and risk stratification of thyroid cancer. Understanding these characteristics is essential for early detection, appropriate management, and improving patient outcomes, aligning with global efforts to strengthen health systems and cancer care.