Characterization of Haemoglobin Variants among Patients at Bremang SDA Hospital: A One-Year Retrospective Study

Background: Haemoglobin variants are a significant public health issue in sub-Saharan Africa due to their link with sickle cell disease (SCD) and related haemoglobinopathies. However, data from primary healthcare facilities remain scarce. This study explored the prevalence and distribution of haemoglobin variants among patients at Bremang Seventh Day Adventist Hospital in Suame Municipality, Ashanti Region, Ghana.

Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted among 105 patients screened for sickle cell disease and haemoglobin variants. Blood samples were analyzed using the Gazelle Haemoglobin Variant Reader, which applies miniaturized electrophoresis technology. Data were processed with SPSS v20.1, employing descriptive statistics and chi-square tests to explore associations with demographic factors.

Results: Of 105 participants, 54.3% tested positive for sickling. Haemoglobin AS was most common (41.9%), followed by Haemoglobin AA (29.5%), Haemoglobin AC (8.6%), Haemoglobin SF (8.6%), Haemoglobin AF (5.7%), and Haemoglobin SC (4.8%). Females showed significantly higher sickling positivity (66.7%) than males (37.8%) (p = 0.003). 

Conclusion: The findings reveal a high prevalence of sickle cell trait (Haemoglobin AS), notable sex differences, and persistence of fetal haemoglobin in younger patients. Routine screening, genetic counselling, and targeted education at primary healthcare facilities are essential to reduce the burden of haemoglobinopathies in Ghana