CHAOS THEORY REMAINS VOID FOR THE REAL CLIMATE

Weather and climate model results, and studies related to Chaos Theory, are examined for evidence that Chaos Theory applies in the real world rather than only to models. No such evidence is found, and in some cases rapid growth in model divergence as expected from Chaos Theory has been found to be an artefact of the models. Results from models coded with mathematical formulae that exhibit rapid growth in divergence cannot be used to assess the applicability of Chaos Theory to the real world, because that would necessarily involve circular logic: the model results are only exhibiting an emergent property of the formulae as used in the models. Tests with atmospheric analogues have been unable to assess the applicability of Chaos Theory to the real world, because they could not emulate the infinitesimal perturbations at the core of Chaos Theory. Some AI models have shown that their rapid growth in divergence, as expected from Chaos Theory, is caused only or primarily by numerical noise, and is therefore an artefact of the computation rather than a real atmospheric process. General Circulation Models use processes with inaccuracies similar to numerical noise, which could have a similar effect. Other AI models do not exhibit rapid growth in divergence. The model findings apply only to the models, so they cannot be used to assess Chaos Theory's relevance to the real world. In the real world, Chaos Theory remains void (scientifically inapplicable).